GEO 100 PRACTICE FINAL EXAM
Comprehensive
Multiple Choice
Identify
the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
1. Folding
and thrust faulting are
associated with which kind of stress?
a. shearing
b. tensional
c. isostatic
d. compressional
2. The
a. tensional fault-block
b. volcanic
c. fold and thrust
d. dome
3. Most of
Earth’s earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions occur where on Earth?
a. Middle of plates
b. Edges of continents
c. At hotspots
d. Along plate boundaries
e. Randomly all over
4.
a. Transform
b. Subduction
c. Continental Collision
d. Divergent
5. The Pacific “Ring
of Fire” is associated with which type of plate boundary?
a. Transform
b. Subduction
c. Continental Collision
d. Divergent
6. The primary factor
of why magmas rise to the surface is _____________.
a. the need to breathe
b. age
c. density
d. temperature
e. baking powder
7. You are caught in
a large rip current at
|
a. |
out to sea. |
|
b. |
Into shore |
|
c. |
up the beach |
|
d. |
down the beach |
8. The following structures are built to protect the beach
except for a(n)
_________.
|
a. |
breakwater. |
|
b. |
groin. |
|
c. |
artificial reef |
|
d. |
seawall. |
9. Upstream
dams greatly affect the local beaches in terms of
|
a. |
increased pollution. |
|
b. |
weathering. |
|
c. |
sediment supply. |
|
d. |
longshore currents |
10. The ocean attempts to ________ the headlands, and ________ the bays.
|
a. |
erode /
deposit sediment into |
|
b. |
deposit sediment at /
erode |
11. Igneous rocks with a two-stage cooling history (intrusive-followed-by-extrusive origin)
are recognized by a texture which is
|
a. |
aphanitic; fine-grained. |
|
b. |
porphyritic; mix-grained (coarse+ fine-grained) . |
|
c. |
glassy. |
|
d. |
phaneritic; coarse-grained. |
12. Compared to an oceanic island arc, the rocks of a continental margin arc are
|
a. |
more felsic/siliceous (granitic). |
|
b. |
more mafic/low silica (gabbroic). |
|
c. |
older. |
|
d. |
younger. |
13. When an andesitic rock is partially (~10%) melted, it will produce a magma of
|
a. |
ultramafic (way more mafic) composition. |
|
b. |
basaltic (more mafic) composition. |
|
c. |
andesitic (same) composition. |
|
d. |
granitic (less mafic) composition. |
14. Main source of water that promotes partial melting in subduction zones.
|
a. |
Leaky
ocean basin |
|
b. |
groundwater. |
|
c. |
rivers and lakes. |
|
d. |
dehydration of the down-going slab. |
15. Theories in geology are developed through a process known as
|
a. |
plate
tectonics |
|
b. |
uniformatarianism |
|
c. |
scientific
method |
|
d. |
systems
approach |
16. Which of the following is NOT a criteria for defining a mineral.
|
a. |
unique
physical properties |
|
b. |
naturally
occurring |
|
c. |
set
range of chemical composition |
|
d. |
crystalline |
|
e. |
price($)
per pound |
17. Which of the following mineral characteristics is the most definitive?
|
a. |
grain
size |
|
b. |
color |
|
c. |
taste |
|
d. |
hardness |
18. Ferromagnesian (Fe/Mg-rich) minerals are
abundant in which rock type(s)?
|
a. |
granite |
|
b. |
limestone |
|
c. |
basalt |
|
d. |
all of the above |
19. Which of the following is not a mineral?
|
a. |
Feldspar |
|
b. |
Granite |
|
c. |
Quartz |
|
d. |
Pyroxene |
20. Natural glass, such as obsidian, forms when
|
a. |
magma
cools rapidly and many very tiny crystals form. |
|
b. |
magma
cools too rapidly for crystals to form. |
|
c. |
magma
cools too slowly for crystals to form. |
|
d. |
magma
doesn't reach the surface. |
21. Most rocks are classified by two principle criteria; they are
|
a. |
texture (grain size and shape) and composition
(mineralogy). |
|
b. |
color and density. |
|
c. |
hardness and luster. |
|
d. |
composition (mineralogy) and color. |
22. The majority of known active strato-volcanoes on Earth occur
|
a. |
along divergent plate boundaries. |
|
b. |
at hot spots. |
|
c. |
along subduction zone convergent plate boundaries. |
|
d. |
along continent-continent collision zones. |
|
e. |
Along
transform boundaries. |
23. A granite forms under the following conditions:
|
a. |
a mafic lava cooling on the ground. |
|
b. |
a siliceous magma cooling deep underground. |
|
c. |
a mafic magma cooling deep underground. |
|
d. |
a siliceous magma cooling in a lava dome. |
24. A basalt forms under which of the following conditions?
|
a. |
a mafic magma cooling deep beneath the surface. |
|
b. |
a felsic magma cooling deep beneath the surface. |
|
c. |
a mafic lava cooling on Earth's surface. |
|
d. |
a felsic lava cooling on Earth's surface. |
|
e. |
metamorphism of a dark shale. |
25. Scoria, pumice, and obsidian are all
|
a. |
plutonic
rocks |
|
b. |
volcanic
rocks |
|
c. |
Sedimentary
rocks |
|
d. |
metamorphic
rocks |
26. Relative to a breccia's texture, a conglomerate's texture indicates that
|
a. |
it was deposited very close to its source. |
|
b. |
it was deposited by the wind. |
|
c. |
its sediments were deposited in very quite, calm
waters. |
|
d. |
it was transported a good distance, and deposited by
stream currents or wave action. |
27. During the process of lithification, sedimentary rocks experience
|
a. |
compaction |
|
b. |
metamorphism |
|
c. |
cementation |
|
d. |
A
and C |
|
e. |
all
of the above |
28. Chemical weathering is most effective in which type of climate?
|
a. |
cold
and arid |
|
b. |
warm
and humid |
|
c. |
warm
and arid |
|
d. |
cold
and humid |
29. The principle solid chemical weathering product of feldspar is
|
a. |
granite |
|
b. |
tiny grains of feldspar. |
|
c. |
basalt |
|
d. |
clay. |
|
e. |
quartz. |
30. Erosion is
|
a. |
the removal of weathered material from its source
site. |
|
b. |
the metamorphosing of rock. |
|
c. |
the mechanical breakdown of rock. |
|
d. |
the weathering of rocks and sediment. |
31. The most common and effective agent for transporting sediment is
|
a. |
wind. |
|
b. |
deep sea currents. |
|
c. |
glaciers. |
|
d. |
gravity |
|
e. |
rivers and streams. |
32. Global warming is caused by
|
a. |
the
heat generated by the burning of fossil fuels |
|
b. |
the
heat produced by sunlight and retained by carbon dioxide and other gases |
|
c. |
increased
heat produced by the hole in the ozone |
|
d. |
increased
solar radiation as the earth moves nearer the sun |
|
e. |
all
of the above |
33. The continental accretion process has been a key mechanism in
|
a. |
the
evolution of continents |
|
b. |
mountain
building |
|
c. |
shaping
of western |
|
d. |
all
of the above |
34. By definition, metamorphism of rocks takes place
|
a. |
in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma. |
||
|
b. |
in the solid state with or without fluid activity. |
||
|
c. |
only at very great depth. |
||
|
d. |
all
of the above |
|
|
35. Which of the following statements is true?
|
a. |
ocean basins are relatively young, continents are very
old. |
|
b. |
ocean basins are very old, continents are relatively
young. |
|
c. |
ocean basins and continents are about the same age. |
|
d. |
ocean basins are sunken continents. |
36. Most of
|
a. |
sedimentary
rocks |
|
b. |
metamorphic
rocks |
|
c. |
plutonic
rocks |
|
d. |
volcanic
rocks |
37. Most of
|
a. |
sedimentary
rocks |
|
b. |
metamorphic
rocks |
|
c. |
plutonic
rocks |
|
d. |
volcanic
rocks |
38.
|
a. |
a long history of subduction-related
magmatism followed by transform faulting. |
|
b. |
a long history of seafloor spreading-related magmatism followed by hot spot activity. |
|
c. |
a long history of transform faulting followed by
some recent subduction-related magmatism. |
|
d. |
a long, quite history of subsidence and
sedimentation. |
39. Major structural layers within the Earth's interior have been identified from
|
a. |
Stratigraphic
correlation. |
|
b. |
Magnetic
anomalies. |
|
c. |
Deep-drilling
bore holes. |
|
d. |
Seismic
discontinuities. |
40. Radio-isotope dating gives which sort of rock age?
|
a. |
Parent
age |
|
b. |
Absolute
age |
|
c. |
Daughter
age |
|
d. |
Relative
age |
41. Fossil dating gives which sort of rock age?
|
a. |
Parent
age |
|
b. |
Absolute
age |
|
c. |
Daughter
age |
|
d. |
Relative
age |
|
e. |
Orphan
age |
42. Southern
|
a. |
divergent
plate boundary |
|
b. |
transform
plate boundary |
|
c. |
convergent
plate boundary |
|
d. |
hot
spot |
43. The magnitude of an earthquake is another term for
|
a. |
its intensity. |
|
b. |
the damage created. |
|
c. |
the energy released. |
|
d. |
the duration of trembling. |
|
e. |
distance form the epicenter. |
44. According to the elastic rebound theory
|
a. |
rocks will bend (deform) before they break. |
|
b. |
rocks will snap back into their original shape after
faulting. |
|
c. |
rocks will break when their capacity to store energy of
deformation has been exceeded. |
|
d. |
all
of the above |
45. An earthquake of magnitude 6 releases _?_ times as much energy as a magnitude 3
earthquake.
|
a. |
10 |
|
b. |
100 |
|
c. |
1000 |
|
d. |
10000 |
46. The S-wave shadow zone exists because
|
a. |
S
waves slow down as they travel through liquids |
|
b. |
S
waves are reflected when they travel through liquids |
|
c. |
S
waves do not travel through liquids |
|
d. |
S
waves only travel through the crust. |
47. Which of the following statements is true?
|
a. |
Strain
causes stress. |
|
b. |
Stress
causes strain. |
|
c. |
They are not related. |
48. Most of
|
a. |
local runoff |
|
b. |
groundwater |
|
c. |
|
|
d. |
the |
|
e. |
desalinization |
49. Which of the following makes the best
aquifer?
|
a. |
shale |
|
b. |
well-sorted
sands or gravels |
|
c. |
Solid
granite |
|
d. |
well-cemented
sandstone |
|
e. |
poorly-sorted
sand and gravel |
50. The Milankovitch
theory for ice ages attempts to explain long-term changes in Earth's
|
a. |
internal
heat output |
|
b. |
solar input |
|
c. |
volcanic
activity |
|
d. |
tectonic
plate motions |
51. When an ice age changes to a warm
interglacial period, the Earth's climate belts will
|
a. |
shift poleward. |
|
b. |
shift toward the equator. |
|
c. |
migrate westward. |
|
d. |
migrate eastward. |
52. The hydrologic cycle is primarily driven by
both,
|
a. |
geothermal energy and gravity. |
|
b. |
ocean currents and wind. |
|
c. |
solar energy and ocean currents. |
|
d. |
solar energy and gravity. |
53. Where the water table intersects the ground
surface, you might find
|
a. |
a lake. |
|
b. |
a swamp. |
|
c. |
a spring. |
|
d. |
all of the above. |
54. The athenosphere is important because
|
a. |
the rigid lithosphere floats on it. |
|
b. |
basaltic magmas originate in this zone. |
|
c. |
it flows and so plates are able to move on it. |
|
d. |
all
of the above |
55. Continental shelves that are stable and wide, and have a thick sediment pile occur
|
a. |
around island arcs and volcanism. |
|
b. |
far from a plate boundary. |
|
c. |
next to ocean trenches. |
|
d. |
along active margins. |
56. Which one of the following paired features is NOT tectonically associated?
|
a. |
island
arcs and oceanic trenches |
|
b. |
spreading
centers and hot spots |
|
c. |
subduction zones and continental margin arcs |
|
d. |
oceanic
trenches and hot spots |
|
e. |
transform
boundaries and strike-slip faults |
57. Deformation is another term
for
|
a. |
stress |
|
b. |
strain |
58. The region of greatest erosion in a river
with a curved channel profile is
|
a. |
along the
outer bank |
|
b. |
along the
inner bank |
|
c. |
along the
channel bottom |
59. The longshore current direction for our beaches in the winter is
|
a. |
out to sea. |
|
b. |
south to north. |
|
c. |
round and round. |
|
d. |
north to south. |
60. The term “plucking” applies to what glacial process?
a. erosion
b. thickening
c. deposition
d. melting
e. hair removal
61. During the onset of an ice age the sea level will proceed to ___________.
a. rise
b. tilt
c. lower
d. stay the same
62. The most widely accepted theory on the ice ages is based upon ____________.
a. volcanic eruption
b. orbital changes
c. meteor impact
d. Mr. Frostie
63. Two types of water and wind transport mechanisms are called _____ and _____.
a. rocking, rolling
b. sailing, hopping
c. suspension, saltation
d. none of these
64. Longshore transport
of sand along beaches is caused by
_____________.
a. rivers
b. direct-approach breakers
c. angled breakers
d. wind
65. The dominant erosional agent acting on a shoreline is _________.
a. gravity
b. ice
c. waves
d. wind
e. weathering
Matching
Part
I. Match the geographic locality (Letter) with
its associated tectonic setting (letter)
|
a. |
transform plate boundary |
e. |
oceanic-oceanic subduction |
|
b. |
hot spot |
a+b. |
continent-continent
collision |
|
c. |
passive margin |
a+c. |
oceanic-continental subduction |
|
d. |
oceanic spreading center |
b+c. |
continental rift |
____ 66. Locality A
____ 67. Locality B
____ 68. Locality C
____ 69. Locality D
____ 70. Locality E
____ 71. Locality F
____ 72. Locality G
____ 73. Locality X
Part
II. Directions: Match the tectonic feature (Letter) with its
associated term (letter)
|
a. |
pluton |
a+b. |
trench |
|
b. |
passive margin |
a+c. |
hot spot |
|
c. |
subduction zone |
b+c. |
volcanic arc |
|
d. |
mantle wedge/melt zone |
c+d. |
oceanic ridge |
|
e. |
oceanic athenosphere |
d+e. |
Moho discontinuity |
____ 74. Feature A
____ 75. Feature B
____ 76. Feature C
____ 77. Feature D
____ 78. Feature E
____ 79. Feature F
____ 80. Feature G
Part III
Directions:
Match the tectonic setting with its associated stress regime (letter)
|
a. |
compressional
stress |
c. |
shearing
stress |
|
b. |
tensional
stress |
d |
little
to no tectonic stress |
____ 81. Transform plate boundary
____ 82. Continental-continental convergent boundary
____ 83. Oceanic-continental convergent boundary
____ 84. Passive continental margin
____ 85. Hot spot
____ 86. Continental-continental divergent boundary
____ 87. Oceanic-oceanic divergent boundary
Part IV
Match
the tectonic setting with its associated geologic structure(s) (letter)
|
a. |
subduction
zone/ volcanic arc |
|
b. |
mid-ocean
spreading center |
|
c. |
great
strike-slip fault zone |
|
d. |
massive
fold and thrust belt |
|
e. |
continental
rift valley |
____ 88. Oceanic-oceanic divergent boundary
____ 89. Continental-continental convergent boundary
____ 90. Oceanic-continental convergent boundary
____ 91. Continental-continental divergent boundary
____ 92. Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary
____ 93. Continental-continental transform boundary
Relative Age Dating Exercise
Directions:
Order
the geologic events according to time of formation. Arrange your list in chronologic
order as follows: Youngest (by letter) is listed as #94; oldest is listed
as #102.
True/False
Indicate whether
the sentence or statement is true (a) or false (b).
____ 103. San Diego's coastal bluffs consist mainly of
igneous rocks.
____ 104. Our beaches behave like moving rivers of sand.
____ 105. There are no active fault zones running through
San Diego.
____ 106. Coastal seawalls protect bluffs, but are generally
bad for beaches.
____ 107. One of these days (give or take a few million
years) the plate SD is moving on
will
have slowly traveled hundreds of kilometers to the north, passing San Fran.
____ 108. It takes only two seismic data stations to
find the epicenter of an earthquake.
____ 109. San Diego can expect to get more and more water
from the Colorado River.
____ 110. San Diegans have no need to worry about tsunamis.
____ 111. I am going to kick some butt on this final!